牙周疾病与慢性病的关系

牙周疾病与慢性病的关系

很多人不知道，慢性病及其危险因素对牙周病有重要影响。

比如糖尿病：糖尿病本身并不引起牙周炎，但由于该病引起炎症反应加重、中性粒

细胞功能低下，口腔菌群改变为牙周致病菌增多，可增加牙周病的发病风险，促使

牙周病破坏加重、加速。糖尿病患者牙周炎的发生率是非糖尿病患者的2-3倍。

骨质疏松症：骨质疏松是一种全身骨代谢性疾病，表现为骨量减少及骨硬度降低，

而牙齿周围骨组织吸收是牙周炎的重要表现，也是牙齿脱落的主要原因之一。

类风湿性关节炎： 有研究表明，类风湿性关节炎患者血清中的IgG水平明显增

高，可刺激炎症和组织损坏；前列腺素E2和白细胞介素IL-1和IL-6水平增高，可激

活破骨细胞引起骨质破坏和吸收，所以更有可能发生中度到重度牙周炎。

肥胖，超重：通过促使血清中IL-6，TNF-α含量增加，加重牙周炎的发展和破

坏，同时肥胖引起的慢性炎症状态和脂肪组织分泌的促炎细胞因子也增加了牙周炎

的风险。

吸烟：吸烟者口腔卫生一般较差，牙石菌斑堆积较多。吸烟可导致骨吸收和牙

龈纤维化，影响创口愈合。吸烟者患牙周炎的可能性高于非吸烟者2-3倍，还会加

重牙周炎病变的严重程度，影响牙周炎的治疗效果，使其易复发。

营养状况：营养不良可使牙周组织对口腔局部刺激因素的抵抗力

降低，因而易患牙周病。

心理因素：长期压力、焦虑和较差的应对能力与牙周病有显著的相关性。

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Pope Leo XIV celebrated the first Christmas since his election by denouncing the suffering of people of Gaza – taking shelter in tents from the “rain, wind and cold” – and by calling for the guns to fall silent in Ukraine.
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On Christmas Day, the first US-born pope, offered the traditional “Urbi et Orbi” blessing (“To the City and to the World”) from the balcony of St Peter’s, surveying a world speckled with conflicts from Yemen to Myanmar, and calling for compassion towards those who have fled their homelands to seek a future in Europe and America.
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Leo, who was elected on May 8, said Thursday that Jesus Christ is “our peace” because he “shows us the way to overcome conflicts, whether interpersonal or international. With his grace, we can and must each day our part to reject hatred, violence and opposition, and to practice dialogue, peace and reconciliation.”
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The pontiff began by asking for “justice, peace and stability” for Lebanon, the Palestinian territories, Israel and Syria. Later, he said that, by becoming man, “Jesus took upon himself our fragility,” allowing him to identify “with those who have nothing left and have lost everything, like the inhabitants of Gaza.”

Leo celebrates Christmas Holy Mass at the Vatican.
Leo celebrates Christmas Holy Mass at the Vatican. Yara Nardi/Reuters
Leo holds an incent burner at St Peter's Basilica.
Leo holds an incent burner at St Peter's Basilica. Tiziana Fabi/AFP/Getty Images
The pope’s first Christmas since his election took place in wet and cold conditions, but that failed to deter large crowds from coming out to hear his message.

Earlier during Mass, he asked how, at Christmas, “can we not think of the tents in Gaza, exposed for weeks to rain, wind and cold.” With more than 400,000 homes destroyed during Israel’s war against Hamas, Gazans are being forced to choose this winter between living in tents exposed to the elements or living inside buildings that could collapse any minute.

“Fragile is the flesh of defenseless populations, tried by so many wars, ongoing or concluded, leaving behind rubble and open wounds,” Leo said. He quoted an Israeli poet, Yehuda Amichai, who called for peace to blossom “like wildflowers.”

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The acting Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Pierbattista Pizzaballa attends a morning Mass at Saint Catherine's Church, in the Church of the Nativity, in Bethlehem, in the Israeli-occupied West Bank December 25, 2025. REUTERS/Mussa Qawasma
Christmas celebrated once again in Bethlehem but West Bank suffering persists

Later during his Christmas message, he called for compassion towards those “who are fleeing their homeland to seek a future elsewhere, like the many refugees and migrants who cross the Mediterranean or traverse the American continent.” He offered Christmas greetings in different languages including Italian, English, Arabic, Chinese, Polish.

Since his election, Leo has highlighted the plight of those suffering of those in Gaza, and has been outspoken by calling for the better treatment of migrants. In his first major interview in September, the American pope voiced concern over “some things” happening in the country of his birth, highlighting the significance of a letter his predecessor, Pope Francis, had sent to US bishops earlier this year, rebuking the administration’s deportation plans.

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